The people's voice of reason
The people's voice of reason
Most adults know the drill before an annual physical: routine blood work, a few numbers to scan, and hope nothing jumps out. These tests are meant to catch serious illness early. But when it comes to cardiovascular disease—the leading cause of death in the U.S. for both men and women—standard screenings still miss critical risk factors.
The problem starts with how doctors typically test for heart disease. Traditional lipid panels focus on cholesterol—a waxy substance that can build up in arteries—and triglycerides, a type of fat that can raise your risk of heart disease. While lipid panels are important, they don’t fully explain who develops heart disease or why.
Newer findings point to a previously missing factor in heart disease: chronic, low-grade inflammation. This chronic condition plays a direct role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease—heart disease caused by plaque buildup that stiffens and narrows your arteries.
Cholesterol provides the building blocks for that plaque, but inflammation is what activates disease, says integrative cardiologist Abid Husain, M.D. “Cholesterol is very much like fuel. It can be inert and stay in the artery and not cause any problems,” he says. “But inflammation is heat. It's fire. It ignites that fuel. Ultimately, the combination can become explosive and turn into a heart attack.” This helps explain why some people develop cardiovascular disease despite having normal lipid levels.
Most people aren’t tested for inflammation unless they already have heart disease or another diagnosed inflammatory condition. Chronic inflammation, also known as “inflammaging,” rarely causes clear red flags, and when symptoms show up, they often look like everyday issues—stress, low energy, or metabolic slowdown—rather than heart risk. As a result, some 50% of U.S. adults have moderate or higher inflammatory risk and don’t know it.
The gap in testing is now being addressed. The American College of Cardiology has recommended checking for inflammatory biomarkers as a core part of cardiovascular risk assessment.
Tests for inflammatory markers in the blood are inexpensive, widely available, and can identify risk earlier—when heart disease can still be slowed or prevented. Hone Health shares what to test, how often, how to interpret results, and what comes next.
Unlike acute inflammation—your body’s short-term response to infection or injury—chronic, low-grade inflammation persists quietly, without pain, fever, or obvious abnormalities on routine labs. It’s a persistent, low-level immune response that damages blood vessels over time.
Even in people taking heart medication, chronic inflammation contributes to what cardiologists call "residual coronary risk"—the heart attack and stroke risk that remains despite treatment.
Chronic inflammation contributes to heart disease through three main pathways:
The most common causes of chronic inflammation include:
Comprehensive blood tests include biomarkers that—on their own or when viewed as ratios—can signal chronic inflammation that may damage the heart.
Common inflammatory or inflammation-adjacent markers include:
C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver in response to inflammation. High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) testing detects low-grade, chronic inflammation and is the most validated blood test for identifying cardiovascular-related inflammatory risk before symptoms appear.
The American College of Cardiology now recommends hs-CRP testing for people without known cardiovascular disease and those with existing risk factors. It can flag cardiovascular risk that cholesterol tests miss.
“High-sensitivity testing gives us very specific nuance about chronic inflammation that may be flying under the radar and making plaque progress and worsen,” Husain says.
Here’s how to interpret your results to tell if you may be at risk for heart disease due to inflammation:
For people who already have heart disease, elevated hs-CRP levels are as predictive of future heart attack and stroke as elevated LDL cholesterol levels—even in those taking statins. In its review, the ACC found that people with normal cholesterol but high hsCRP saw fewer major cardiovascular events when treated with statins, proving inflammation matters as much as cholesterol levels.
Note that hs-CRP can be elevated during an infection or trauma, so it’s important to delay testing for around two weeks after an acute illness, injury, surgery, or vigorous new exercise regimen.
Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is a genetically determined form of LDL cholesterol that’s both pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic, meaning it promotes inflammation and increases the tendency for blood clot formation. Levels over 50 mg/dL are linked to higher risk of heart attack and stroke.
Most people need to measure Lp(a) only once in a lifetime since it's largely genetic, repeating only if they start a major therapy that specifically targets Lp(a).
Remnant cholesterol is the cholesterol left over after your body processes triglyceride-rich particles—basically, the cholesterol that lingers in your blood. It’s associated with an inflammatory diet heavy in sugar and saturated fats, such as fried foods, processed meats, and alcohol. Your doctor can estimate remnant cholesterol by subtracting your HDL and LDL from your total cholesterol, or infer it from your triglyceride levels.
There’s no universally accepted cutoff, but a 2021 study found that people with remnant cholesterol levels above 24 mg/dL had a higher risk of having a heart attack or stroke over the following two decades.
Additional clues about inflammation can come from a white blood cell differential, which breaks down the various immune cells circulating in your blood. When there's chronic inflammation, certain patterns emerge in how these cells show up.
These numbers can’t provide a diagnosis on their own—but when interpreted together, they can reveal whether your immune system is under stress.
The main biomarkers associated with white blood cells:
Clinicians often look at these values together—or in ratio to one another—to better understand immune balance and inflammatory stress.
Looking at a single number in isolation can be misleading. Biomarker ratios reveal patterns—how different markers interact with each other—and those patterns often tell you more about heart disease risk than any standalone test result.
“There are many markers that can be used to identify cardiovascular risk,” says Jim Staheli, D.O., Hone’s Medical Director. Among the most telling for inflammation are biomarker ratios that reflect lipid particle burden, metabolic health, and immune balance:
LDL-C / ApoB tells you whether your LDL cholesterol is packed into fewer large particles or spread across many small, dense ones. Small, dense particles are the troublemakers—they're better at penetrating artery walls and causing damage.
Here’s what it tells you: Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein found on other lipoproteins like LDL. Every particle carries exactly one ApoB molecule, so measuring ApoB tells you how many cholesterol-carrying particles are in circulation.
A lower ratio (below 1.2) means you have more small, dense particles—the kind that raise heart disease risk.
The triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio is one of the best markers of insulin resistance (another factor associated with heart disease)—and is closely linked to chronic inflammation.
Target ranges for the triglyceride/HDL-C ratio are:
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio shows the balance between your body’s immediate immune response (neutrophils) and long-term immune regulation (lymphocytes). When neutrophils stay elevated relative to lymphocytes, it signals ongoing immune stress.
An elevated NLR is linked with higher risk of heart attack, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Common ranges include:
Lowering inflammation starts with lifestyle. Consistent physical activity (about 150 minutes per week), maintaining a healthy weight, prioritizing sleep, and eating a diet rich in whole, minimally processed foods are all associated with lower inflammatory markers and reduced cardiovascular risk.
If blood tests show elevated inflammation levels despite lifestyle changes, doctors may consider medications, such as statins, which target both cholesterol and inflammation.
In some cases, targeted supplements may also help reduce inflammation, according to Staheli.
This story was produced by Hone Health and reviewed and distributed by Stacker.
Reader Comments(0)